第一部分 项目管理框架
Section I The Project Management Framework
第一章 引论
－Chapter 1 Introduction
第二章 项目生命期与组织
－Chapter 2 Project Life Cycle and Organization
1. 引论
－ Introduction
Ø 项目管理知识体系是项目管理职业的知识总和。
The Project Management Body of Knowledge is the sum of knowledge within the profession of project management.
1.1 本指南的目的
Ø 基本目的：识别项目管理知识体系普遍公认良好做法的那一部分
The primary purpose of the PMBOK® Guide is to identify that subset of the Project Management Body of Knowledge that is generally recognized as good practice.
对任何一个指定的项目，项目管理团队负责决定体系中的哪些知识适用
The project management team is responsible for determining what is appropriate for any given project
Ø 本指南还旨在成为该职业和实践一个共同的术语汇编
The PMBOK® Guide also provides and promotes a common lexicon for discussing, writing, and applying project management.
Ø PMI用于作为项目管理职业培养计划的基本但非唯一的参考资料
The Project Management Institute uses this document as a foundational, but not the sole, project management reference for its professional development programs
1.2 什么是项目
1.2.1 项目的特征
－Project Characteristics
项目是为提供某独特产品、服务或成果所做的临时性努力。
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
1、临时性Temporary
项目有明确的开始和结束
Temporary means that every project has a definite beginning and a definite end.
期限都是有限的
The duration of a project is finite.
项目不是持续不断的努力
Projects are not ongoing efforts
2、独特的产品、服务或成果Unique Products, Services, or Results
项目创造独特的可交付成果，如产品、服务或成果
A project creates unique deliverables, which are products, services, or results.
3、渐进明细Progressive Elaboration
是项目伴随临时性和独特性两个概念的特点之一
Progressive elaboration is a characteristic of projects that accompanies the concepts of temporary and unique
意味着分布开发、连续积累
Progressive elaboration means developing in steps, and continuing by increments
请勿将渐进明细与范围潜变混淆
Progressive elaboration should not be confused with scope creep
1.2.2 项目与运作
－Projects vs. Operational Work
1、共同点 overlap
Ø 由人来做
Performed by people
Ø 受制于有限的资源
Constrained by limited resources
Ø 需要规划、执行和控制
Planned, executed, and controlled
2、区分 differ
运作是持续不断和重复进行；项目是临时和独特的
Operations are ongoing and repetitive, while projects are temporary and unique.
1.2.3 项目和战略规划
－Projects and Strategic Planning
项目是组织在日常运作范围内无法处理的活动的一种手段
Projects are a means of organizing activities that cannot be addressed within the organization’s normal operational limits
项目经常被当作实现组织战略规划的一种手段使用
Projects are often utilized as a means of achieving an organization’s strategic plan
战略考虑，常常是项目批准的典型依据
Projects are typically authorized as a result of one or more of strategic considerations
1.3 什么是项目管理
项目管理就是把各种知识、技能、工具和技术应用于项目活动之中，以达到项目的要求。
Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements
项目管理是通过应用和综合项目管理过程来进行的。
Project management is accomplished through the application and integration of the project management processes
项目经理是负责实现项目目标的个人。
The project manager is the person responsible for accomplishing the project objectives
1.4 本指南的结构
1.5 专业知识领域
－Areas of Expertise
有效的项目管理要求项目管理团队理解和利用至少5个专业领域的知识与技能
Effective project management requires that the project management team understand and use knowledge and skills from at least five areas of expertise:
1.5.1 项目管理知识体系
－Project Management Body of Knowledge
本指南包含的内容有
Ø 项目生命期的定义Project life cycle definition
Ø 5个项目管理过程组Five Project Management Process Groups
Ø 9个知识领域Nine Knowledge Areas
1.5.2 应用领域知识、标准与规章制度
－Application Area Knowledge, Standards and Regulations
Ø 标准
A standard is a “document established by consensus and approved by a recognized body that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context.”
Ø 规章
A regulation is a government-imposed requirement, which specifies product, process or service characteristics, including the applicable administrative provisions, with which compliance is mandatory.
Ø 标准常以为多数人选用的最佳方案的准则形式开始，随着其广泛采用而得到普遍公认，如规章一样
Standards often begin as guidelines that describe a preferred approach and later, with widespread adoption, become generally accepted as if they were regulations
1.5.3 理解项目环境
－Understanding the Project Environment
Ø 文化与社会环境（注意组织文化）
Cultural and social environment（organizational culture）
Ø 国际与政治环境
International and political environment
Ø 自然环境
Physical environment
1.5.4 通用管理知识与技能
－General Management Knowledge and Skills
1.5.5 处理人际关系技能
－Interpersonal Skills
Ø 有效的沟通
Effective communication
Ø 对组织施加影响
Influencing the organization |