Ch6.    项目时间管理

-Project Time Management

Ø        项目时间管理包括使项目按时完成必须实施的各项过程

Project Time Management includes the processes required to accomplish timely completion of the project

6.1    活动定义

－Activity Definition

Ø        对计划活动进行定义，就是识别与记录计划要实施的各种工作

Defining the schedule activities involves identifying and documenting the work that is planned to be performed

Ø        项目工作包被有计划地分解为更小地组成部分，叫做计划活动。

Project work packages are planned (decomposed) into smaller components called schedule activities to provide a basis for estimating, scheduling, executing, and monitoring and controlling the project work

6.1.1   依据(Inputs)

1.      事业环境因素Enterprise environmental factors

Ø        包括是否有可用的项目管理信息系统与进度安排软件

availability of project management information systems and scheduling software tools

2.      组织过程资产Organizational process assets

3.      项目范围说明书Project scope statement

4.      工作分解结构Work breakdown structure

5.      工作分解结构词汇表WBS dictionary

6.      项目管理计划Project management plan

6.1.2   工具与技术(Tools & Techniques)

1.      分解Decomposition

2.      模版Templates

3.      滚动式规划Rolling wave planning

4.      专家判断Expert judgment

5.      规划组成部分Planning component

Ø        These planning components are selected and used by the project team to plan and schedule future work at various higher levels within the WBS

Ø        Two planning components are:

n        控制账户Control Account：at selected management points，above the work package level， used as a basis for planning

n        规划包Planning Package：a WBS component below the control account, but above the work package

6.1.3   成果(Outputs)

1.      活动清单Activity list

Ø        The activity list is a comprehensive list including all schedule activities that are planned to be performed on the project

Ø        The activity list includes the activity identifier and a scope of work description for each schedule activity

2.      活动属性Activity attributes

Ø        These activity attributes are an extension of the activity attributes in the activity list and identify the multiple attributes associated with each schedule activity

Ø        Activity attributes for each schedule activity include the activity identifier, activity codes, activity description, predecessor activities, successor activities, logical relationships, leads and lags（提前与滞后）, resource requirements, imposed dates, constraints, and assumptions

3.      里程碑清单Milestone list

Ø        列出所有的里程碑，并指明属于强制性（合同要求）还是选择性（根据项目要求或历史）

The list of schedule milestones identifies all milestones and indicates whether the milestone is mandatory (required by the contract) or optional (based upon project requirements or historical information)

4.      请求的变更Requested changes

6.2    活动排序

－Activity Sequencing

Ø        活动排序指识别与记载计划活动之间的逻辑关系

Activity sequencing involves identifying and documenting the logical relationships among schedule activities.

6.2.1   依据(Inputs)

1.      项目范围说明书Project scope statement

2.      活动清单Activity list

3.      活动属性Activity attributes

4.      里程碑清单Milestone list

5.      批准的变更请求Approved change requests

6.2.2   工具与技术(Tools & Techniques)

1.      紧前关系绘图法（单代号网络图）Precedence Diagramming Method(PDM)

Ø        也称活动节点表示法also called activity on node (AON)

Ø        包括四种依赖或紧前关系

－PDM includes four types of dependencies or precedence relationships

n        完成到开始Finish-to-Start

n        完成到完成Finish-to-Finish

n        开始到开始Start-to-Start

n        开始到完成Start-to-Finish

2.      箭线绘图法（双代号网络图）Arrow Diagramming Method(ADM)

Ø        也称活动箭线表示法also called activity on arrow (AOA)

Ø        只使用完成到开始依赖关系，要用虚活动

ADM uses only finish-to-start dependencies and can require the use of “dummy” relationships called dummy activities

3.      进度网络模版Schedule network templates

Ø        项目进度网络图的一部分往往称为子网络或者网络片断

Portions of a project schedule network diagram are often referred to as a subnetwork or a fragment network

4.      确定依赖关系Dependency determination

Ø        强制性依赖关系：工作性质固有的依赖关系

Mandatory dependencies：often involve physical limitations

Ø        可斟酌处理的依赖关系：有时叫做优先选用逻辑关系、优先逻辑关系或者软逻辑关系。通常根据对具体应用领域内的内部最好做法或者项目某些非寻常的了解来确定

Discretionary dependencies：preferred logic, preferential logic or soft logic；established based on knowledge of best practices within a particular application area or some unusual aspect of the project

Ø        外部依赖关系：涉及项目活动和非项目活动之间关系的依赖关系

External dependencies：are those that involve a relationship between project activities and non-project activities

5.      利用时间提前量与滞后量Applying leads and lags

Ø        利用时间提前量可以提前开始紧后活动

A lead allows an acceleration of the successor activity

Ø        利用时间滞后量可以推迟开始紧后活动

A lag directs a delay in the successor activity

6.2.3   <